{"id":85759,"date":"2019-05-14T06:17:50","date_gmt":"2019-05-14T04:17:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/?p=85759\/"},"modified":"2022-05-16T12:12:37","modified_gmt":"2022-05-16T10:12:37","slug":"copenhagen-burnt-down-3-times-in-80-years-it-was-not-all-bad","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/en\/copenhagen-burnt-down-3-times-in-80-years-it-was-not-all-bad\/","title":{"rendered":"Copenhagen burnt down 3 times in 80 years. It was not all bad"},"content":{"rendered":"

J<\/span><\/span>ust a few weeks have passed since Notre Dame was razed by fire in Paris. France has pledged itself to rebuilding and has already accrued EUR 1 billion in donations. Amid all the questions and controversy<\/a>, it brings up the historical relationship between cities and fire.<\/p>\n

Wildfires are often more restorative than devastating. The same can be said about urban fires.<\/p>\n

Cities rebuild, adapt, and learn from fire and nowhere is a better example than Copenhagen. In the less than 80 years between 1728 and 1807 the city went through at least three major fires.
\n<\/p>\n

Straighter and broader<\/h3>\n

The most infamous of the conflagrations, in 1728, brought on the greatest destruction.<\/a> Starting on October 20th and burning for nearly three days, almost half of the medieval section of the city was destroyed.<\/p>\n

READ ALSO: University of Copenhagen history: The fire of 1728<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

The cultural loss is immeasurable as many of the city\u2019s main archives, libraries and research facilities were consumed.<\/p>\n

Copenhagen, however, survived, and had been mostly rebuilt by 1737, in under ten years. The city seemed determined to avoid the series of unfortunate events which had exacerbated the damage in the fire. Copenhagen had in the 1728 fire been hit by a combination of strong winds, empty water conduits, drunken firefighters and narrow streets.<\/p>\n

Many of the improvements they put in place are still observable today.<\/p>\n

Firstly, several commissions were established. The Regulation Commission (Reguleringskommissionen) stipulated a widening of the streets to a minimum of ten metres and, although the rule was not fully implemented due to protests from property owners whose land would be shortened as a result, post-fire Copenhagen was noticeably straighter and broader.<\/p>\n

In fact, had it not been for the 1728 fire, Copenhagen would likely not be home to one of Europe\u2019s longest pedestrian streets, Str\u00f8get. Part of the effort to uniform the layout, the first half of Str\u00f8get, Frederiksberggade was built over the ruins of several medieval alleys.<\/p>\n

Pretty buildings were the result of a compromise<\/h3>\n

The city exploited the destruction to implement forward-looking plans and improve circulation. A great example of this is Kultorvet. Today one of central Copenhagen\u2019s main squares, it had been conceived during the post-fire reconstruction.<\/p>\n

Another important commission was the Building Commission which banned half-timbered houses. Although this rule was once again undermined by complaints, it also had a substantial effect on the aesthetic of Copenhagen.<\/p>\n

For starters, the fire houses (ildebrandshuse), featured today in some of the city\u2019s most picturesque locations like Gr\u00e5br\u00f8dretorv, were designed by Johan Cornelius Krieger as a half-timber, half-brick compromise. The brightly coloured buildings inspired several subsequent houses in Copenhagen.
\n<\/p>\n

Godly works<\/h3>\n

1728 enthused several other significant movements such as the revival of Pietism. The fire had been seen by many as a punishment by God. A campaign to cleanse the city led to the establishment of orphanages, hospitals and schools.<\/p>\n

1728 had also seen the invention of fire insurance. Kj\u00f8benhavns Brandforsikring was the first fire insurance company, establish in 1731 by Hans Henrik Bech and Hans Hansen Berg. It is still around today as part of one of Scandinavia\u2019s leading insurance companies Tryg, which lists the original company as its earliest history.<\/p>\n

To some extent, the city took the fire as an impetus. Historian Svend Cedergreen Bech saw the reconstruction period as a blossoming and Copenhagen as a new cosmopolitan world capital.<\/p>\n

The 1795 fire was a result of misfortunes that were similar to six decades prior; strong winds, dry timber caused by drought, incompetent firefighters and locked fire hydrants.<\/p>\n

Burning for two days, the fire had struck southern Copenhagen, destroying the remaining quarter of the middle-age\u2019s architecture, nearly 50 streets and several prominent churches and castles. This time, however, the city had managed to prevent the fire from spreading North and, crucial to the rebuild, the people had more money.<\/p>\n

Importantly for the economy, this strongly influenced the establishment of Denmark\u2019s first mortgage credit institution, Husejernes Kreditkasse, by a group of Copenhagen\u2019s wealthier citizens, which, as part of BRFkredit, remained active until 2014.<\/p>\n

The fire had also inspired other major social changes such as the creation of some of Copenhagen\u2019s first storefronts. Sellers had previously been informally selling out of their homes, and the reconstruction period was an opportunity to make their trade more sophisticated.<\/p>\n

Stricter building legislation was also implemented. Again, streets were widened and brick was enforced as the mandatory building material. Buildings at the end of streets were now required to be chamfered, with cut away corners which allowed easier access for fire-fighting vehicles. And it is responsible for modern Copenhagen\u2019s openness and the charming octagonal plazas dotted around the city.<\/p>\n

The Golden Age<\/h3>\n

The fire coincided with the Danish Golden Age where neo-classical architecture emerged and thus, 1795 oversaw Copenhagen\u2019s most significant aesthetic transformations. The new style, as seen in some of the city\u2019s most attractive sites, such as Gammeltorv square or the Court House (both rebuilt after the fire), contributed to the atmosphere that modern Copenhagen is unique for.<\/p>\n

As art historian Giles Worsley puts it:<\/p>\n

\u00bbHere [in Copenhagen] we have the quiet street scene that was captured so beautifully and fittingly by the gentle works of the Golden Age. There is no sign of the self-satisfied boasting that is characteristic of the London or Paris of the time.\u00ab
\n<\/p>\n

University of Copenhagen destroyed twice<\/h3>\n

With so much of history lost, there was no option but to modernise, and it is the university that embodies this the best.<\/p>\n

Destroyed twice, the University of Copenhagen has a long history of resilience and reinvention. Several of the university\u2019s main buildings had to be rebuilt, first after the fire of 1728 and then again after the 1807 bombardment by the British during the Napoleonic Wars.<\/p>\n

This included the former library housed in the Trinitatis Church. Despite having lost vast collections of literature, research and irreplaceable equipment, the university is now home to the largest library in the Nordic region, and one of the largest in the world.
\n<\/p>\n

Bombed into shape<\/h3>\n

The bombardment of 1807 however, had the greatest bearing on the form that the modern University of Copenhagen has now taken. The changes to Frue Plads, where the headquarters of the university is situated, demonstrates this. Rather than rebuilding the cemetery attached to the Church of our lady, the administration took the opportunity to join the surrounding areas and the courtyard was formed.
\n
\nC.F. Hansen, one of Denmark\u2019s most prolific architects, was assigned the task of redesigning the sector and masterfully employed the same neoclassic style that had been so effective after 1795. His work on The Church of Our Lady, the cathedral which the main building looks out on, is exemplary. The muted interior ceiling, simple classical lines, and Bertel Thorvaldsen sculptures make it different from Europe\u2019s medieval cathedrals and one of Copenhagen\u2019s unique architectural pieces.<\/p>\n

\n

Sources<\/p>\n

    \n
  • Pernille Stensgaard: Copenhagen, People and Places (2005)<\/li>\n
  • Christopher Woodward: Copenhagen (1998)<\/li>\n
  • Peter Bosselmann: Urban Transformation: Understanding City Form and Design (2008)<\/li>\n
  • Henrietta Steiner: The Emergence of a Modern City: Golden Age Copenhagen 1800\u20131850 (2016)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    And the University of Copenhagen website.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    The university\u2019s impressive main building, had not begun to be rebuilt until 1829 due to financial issues. Slightly rebelling against the classical trend of the time, designed by architect Peder Malling and inaugurated in 1839, the building took on the more imposing gothic style we know today. The reconstruction period seemed to create a catalyst for the university as it followed soon after with several other modernising additions including a new library in 1861 and a zoological museum in 1871.
    \n
    \nNaturally, the institutions also saw development. The new growth required funding, and significant financial management reforms were implemented.<\/p>\n

    Specifically, finances were centralised and with responsibility no longer in the hands of departmental professors, combined with a modernisation of the payroll, the university could now increase its professorship. This history seems to have created a legacy as the university continually challenges itself to reinvent and improve; the most recent construction work at South Campus is emblematic of this.<\/p>\n

    What to preserve and at what cost?<\/h3>\n

    Ultimately, although painful at first, fire is often part of the lifecycle of a city. In the context of misfortunes like Notre Dame, this concept can be reconciling but it also poses some important societal questions.<\/p>\n

    What purpose does art, architecture or history play in our lives? At what point do we decide something is worth preserving and at what cost?
    \n<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Copenhagen has had a long history with fire. Its architecture, its literature, and its history have gone up in flames on multiple occasions. But, in the wake of the Notre Dame blaze in Paris, we ask what a city can gain from it?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":85771,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[43],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-85759","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-culture","expression-feature_article"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"yoast_head":"\nCopenhagen burnt down 3 times in 80 years. 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It was not all bad"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/#website","url":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/","name":"University Post","description":"Independent of management","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/#\/schema\/person\/a96cc389f544930451424dd312b34b8c","name":"Christoffer Zieler","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/4bf8592c5d42f63ff76abd26557ba3887d83a2e784a2508b81d423cf582346fa?s=96&d=identicon&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/4bf8592c5d42f63ff76abd26557ba3887d83a2e784a2508b81d423cf582346fa?s=96&d=identicon&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/4bf8592c5d42f63ff76abd26557ba3887d83a2e784a2508b81d423cf582346fa?s=96&d=identicon&r=g","caption":"Christoffer Zieler"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/christoffer.zieler"],"url":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/en\/author\/christoffer\/"}]}},"advancedCustomFields":{"layout_group":[{"acf_fc_layout":"Headline","use_post_title":true,"headline":"","style":"default","highlighted_words":"","text_size":"small"},{"acf_fc_layout":"Image","image":{"ID":85771,"id":85771,"title":"kks4131","filename":"kks4131.jpg","filesize":228911,"url":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/kks4131.jpg","link":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/en\/copenhagen-burnt-down-3-times-in-80-years-it-was-not-all-bad\/kks4131\/","alt":"","author":"7","description":"","caption":"Hans Nikolaj Hansen (1853-1923), Christiansborg Slots brand, 1901","name":"kks4131","status":"inherit","uploaded_to":85759,"date":"2019-05-09 11:32:32","modified":"2019-07-02 05:50:03","menu_order":0,"mime_type":"image\/jpeg","type":"image","subtype":"jpeg","icon":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-includes\/images\/media\/default.png","width":1972,"height":1521,"sizes":{"thumbnail":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/kks4131-150x150.jpg","thumbnail-width":150,"thumbnail-height":150,"medium":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/kks4131-480x370.jpg","medium-width":480,"medium-height":370,"medium_large":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/kks4131-768x592.jpg","medium_large-width":768,"medium_large-height":592,"large":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/kks4131-1280x987.jpg","large-width":1280,"large-height":987,"1536x1536":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/kks4131.jpg","1536x1536-width":1536,"1536x1536-height":1185,"2048x2048":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/kks4131.jpg","2048x2048-width":1972,"2048x2048-height":1521,"featured-soft":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/kks4131-290x224.jpg","featured-soft-width":290,"featured-soft-height":224,"featured-hard":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/kks4131-290x180.jpg","featured-hard-width":290,"featured-hard-height":180,"narrow":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/kks4131-700x540.jpg","narrow-width":700,"narrow-height":540,"extended":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/kks4131-990x764.jpg","extended-width":990,"extended-height":764}},"style":"screen","text_placement":"metadata-below","image_link_url":"","image_link_title":"","caption_prefix":"","enable_alternative_caption":true,"alternative_caption":"Hans Nikolaj Hansen (Danish, 1853-05-15 - 1923-03-14) Christiansborg Palace in flames."},{"acf_fc_layout":"Standfirst","subject":"Change","text":"Copenhagen has had a long history with fire. Its architecture, its literature, and its history have gone up in flames on multiple occasions. But, in the wake of the Notre Dame blaze in Paris, we ask what a city can gain from fire?","use_post_excerpt":false},{"acf_fc_layout":"Byline","is_author":false,"contributors":[{"use_registered_user":false,"user":false,"contributor_name":"Jemah Pearce","contributor_title":"Student reporter","contributor_image":false}]},{"acf_fc_layout":"Content","content":"<p><span class=\"dropcap\"><span style=\"font-size: 64px;\">J<\/span><\/span>ust a few weeks have passed since Notre Dame was razed by fire in Paris. France has pledged itself to rebuilding and has already accrued EUR 1 billion in donations. Amid all the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2019\/apr\/20\/gilets-jaunes-battle-riot-police-and-light-fires-in-paris-over-high-taxes\">questions and controversy<\/a>, it brings up the historical relationship between cities and fire.<\/p>\n<p>Wildfires are often more restorative than devastating. The same can be said about urban fires.<\/p>\n<p>Cities rebuild, adapt, and learn from fire and nowhere is a better example than Copenhagen. In the less than 80 years between 1728 and 1807 the city went through at least three major fires.<\/p>\n"},{"acf_fc_layout":"MultiImage","images":[{"image":{"ID":85762,"id":85762,"title":"Map of copenhagen prior to rebuild","filename":"mapofcopenhagenpriortorebuild.jpg","filesize":87843,"url":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/mapofcopenhagenpriortorebuild.jpg","link":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/en\/copenhagen-burnt-down-3-times-in-80-years-it-was-not-all-bad\/map-of-copenhagen-prior-to-rebuild\/","alt":"","author":"7","description":"","caption":"","name":"map-of-copenhagen-prior-to-rebuild","status":"inherit","uploaded_to":85759,"date":"2019-05-09 10:50:03","modified":"2019-05-10 08:54:25","menu_order":0,"mime_type":"image\/jpeg","type":"image","subtype":"jpeg","icon":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-includes\/images\/media\/default.png","width":749,"height":365,"sizes":{"thumbnail":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/mapofcopenhagenpriortorebuild-150x150.jpg","thumbnail-width":150,"thumbnail-height":150,"medium":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/mapofcopenhagenpriortorebuild-480x234.jpg","medium-width":480,"medium-height":234,"medium_large":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/mapofcopenhagenpriortorebuild.jpg","medium_large-width":749,"medium_large-height":365,"large":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/mapofcopenhagenpriortorebuild.jpg","large-width":749,"large-height":365,"1536x1536":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/mapofcopenhagenpriortorebuild.jpg","1536x1536-width":749,"1536x1536-height":365,"2048x2048":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/mapofcopenhagenpriortorebuild.jpg","2048x2048-width":749,"2048x2048-height":365,"featured-soft":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/mapofcopenhagenpriortorebuild-290x141.jpg","featured-soft-width":290,"featured-soft-height":141,"featured-hard":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/mapofcopenhagenpriortorebuild-290x180.jpg","featured-hard-width":290,"featured-hard-height":180,"narrow":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/mapofcopenhagenpriortorebuild-700x341.jpg","narrow-width":700,"narrow-height":341,"extended":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/mapofcopenhagenpriortorebuild.jpg","extended-width":749,"extended-height":365}},"caption_prefix":"","enable_alternative_caption":true,"alternative_caption":"Western Copenhagen prior to rebuild, burned buildings underlined in red."},{"image":{"ID":85763,"id":85763,"title":"copenhagen post rebuild","filename":"copenhagenpostrebuild.jpg","filesize":104019,"url":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/copenhagenpostrebuild.jpg","link":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/en\/copenhagen-burnt-down-3-times-in-80-years-it-was-not-all-bad\/copenhagen-post-rebuild\/","alt":"","author":"7","description":"","caption":"","name":"copenhagen-post-rebuild","status":"inherit","uploaded_to":85759,"date":"2019-05-09 10:50:04","modified":"2019-05-10 08:54:25","menu_order":0,"mime_type":"image\/jpeg","type":"image","subtype":"jpeg","icon":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-includes\/images\/media\/default.png","width":755,"height":371,"sizes":{"thumbnail":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/copenhagenpostrebuild-150x150.jpg","thumbnail-width":150,"thumbnail-height":150,"medium":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/copenhagenpostrebuild-480x236.jpg","medium-width":480,"medium-height":236,"medium_large":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/copenhagenpostrebuild.jpg","medium_large-width":755,"medium_large-height":371,"large":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/copenhagenpostrebuild.jpg","large-width":755,"large-height":371,"1536x1536":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/copenhagenpostrebuild.jpg","1536x1536-width":755,"1536x1536-height":371,"2048x2048":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/copenhagenpostrebuild.jpg","2048x2048-width":755,"2048x2048-height":371,"featured-soft":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/copenhagenpostrebuild-290x143.jpg","featured-soft-width":290,"featured-soft-height":143,"featured-hard":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/copenhagenpostrebuild-290x180.jpg","featured-hard-width":290,"featured-hard-height":180,"narrow":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/copenhagenpostrebuild-700x344.jpg","narrow-width":700,"narrow-height":344,"extended":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/copenhagenpostrebuild.jpg","extended-width":755,"extended-height":371}},"caption_prefix":"","enable_alternative_caption":true,"alternative_caption":"Western Copenhagen after the fire, post-rebuild"}]},{"acf_fc_layout":"Content","content":"<h3>Straighter and broader<\/h3>\n<p>The most <a href=\"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/en\/university-of-copenhagen-history-the-fire-of-1728\/\">infamous of the conflagrations, in 1728, brought on the greatest destruction.<\/a> Starting on October 20th and burning for nearly three days, almost half of the medieval section of the city was destroyed.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/en\/university-of-copenhagen-history-the-fire-of-1728\/\"><strong>READ ALSO: University of Copenhagen history: The fire of 1728<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p>The cultural loss is immeasurable as many of the city\u2019s main archives, libraries and research facilities were consumed.<\/p>\n<p>Copenhagen, however, survived, and had been mostly rebuilt by 1737, in under ten years. The city seemed determined to avoid the series of unfortunate events which had exacerbated the damage in the fire. Copenhagen had in the 1728 fire been hit by a combination of strong winds, empty water conduits, drunken firefighters and narrow streets.<\/p>\n<p>Many of the improvements they put in place are still observable today.<\/p>\n<p>Firstly, several commissions were established. The Regulation Commission (Reguleringskommissionen) stipulated a widening of the streets to a minimum of ten metres and, although the rule was not fully implemented due to protests from property owners whose land would be shortened as a result, post-fire Copenhagen was noticeably straighter and broader.<\/p>\n<p>In fact, had it not been for the 1728 fire, Copenhagen would likely not be home to one of Europe\u2019s longest pedestrian streets, Str\u00f8get. Part of the effort to uniform the layout, the first half of Str\u00f8get, Frederiksberggade was built over the ruins of several medieval alleys.<\/p>\n<h3>Pretty buildings were the result of a compromise<\/h3>\n<p>The city exploited the destruction to implement forward-looking plans and improve circulation. A great example of this is Kultorvet. Today one of central Copenhagen\u2019s main squares, it had been conceived during the post-fire reconstruction.<\/p>\n<p>Another important commission was the Building Commission which banned half-timbered houses. Although this rule was once again undermined by complaints, it also had a substantial effect on the aesthetic of Copenhagen.<\/p>\n<p>For starters, the fire houses (ildebrandshuse), featured today in some of the city\u2019s most picturesque locations like Gr\u00e5br\u00f8dretorv, were designed by Johan Cornelius Krieger as a half-timber, half-brick compromise. The brightly coloured buildings inspired several subsequent houses in Copenhagen.<\/p>\n"},{"acf_fc_layout":"Image","image":{"ID":85764,"id":85764,"title":"Gr\u00e5br\u00f8dretorv Square","filename":"graabroedretorvsquare.jpg","filesize":77614,"url":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/graabroedretorvsquare.jpg","link":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/en\/copenhagen-burnt-down-3-times-in-80-years-it-was-not-all-bad\/graabroedretorv-square\/","alt":"","author":"7","description":"","caption":"","name":"graabroedretorv-square","status":"inherit","uploaded_to":85759,"date":"2019-05-09 10:50:05","modified":"2019-05-10 09:05:08","menu_order":0,"mime_type":"image\/jpeg","type":"image","subtype":"jpeg","icon":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-includes\/images\/media\/default.png","width":616,"height":307,"sizes":{"thumbnail":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/graabroedretorvsquare-150x150.jpg","thumbnail-width":150,"thumbnail-height":150,"medium":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/graabroedretorvsquare-480x239.jpg","medium-width":480,"medium-height":239,"medium_large":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/graabroedretorvsquare.jpg","medium_large-width":616,"medium_large-height":307,"large":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/graabroedretorvsquare.jpg","large-width":616,"large-height":307,"1536x1536":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/graabroedretorvsquare.jpg","1536x1536-width":616,"1536x1536-height":307,"2048x2048":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/graabroedretorvsquare.jpg","2048x2048-width":616,"2048x2048-height":307,"featured-soft":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/graabroedretorvsquare-290x145.jpg","featured-soft-width":290,"featured-soft-height":145,"featured-hard":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/graabroedretorvsquare-290x180.jpg","featured-hard-width":290,"featured-hard-height":180,"narrow":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/graabroedretorvsquare.jpg","narrow-width":616,"narrow-height":307,"extended":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/graabroedretorvsquare.jpg","extended-width":616,"extended-height":307}},"style":"narrow","text_placement":"metadata-below","image_link_url":"","image_link_title":"","caption_prefix":"","enable_alternative_caption":true,"alternative_caption":"Gr\u00e5br\u00f8dretorv Square featuring the colourful 'fire houses'."},{"acf_fc_layout":"Content","content":"<h3>Godly works<\/h3>\n<p>1728 enthused several other significant movements such as the revival of Pietism. The fire had been seen by many as a punishment by God. A campaign to cleanse the city led to the establishment of orphanages, hospitals and schools.<\/p>\n<p>1728 had also seen the invention of fire insurance. Kj\u00f8benhavns Brandforsikring was the first fire insurance company, establish in 1731 by Hans Henrik Bech and Hans Hansen Berg. It is still around today as part of one of Scandinavia\u2019s leading insurance companies Tryg, which lists the original company as its earliest history.<\/p>\n<p>To some extent, the city took the fire as an impetus. Historian Svend Cedergreen Bech saw the reconstruction period as a blossoming and Copenhagen as a new cosmopolitan world capital.<\/p>\n<p>The 1795 fire was a result of misfortunes that were similar to six decades prior; strong winds, dry timber caused by drought, incompetent firefighters and locked fire hydrants.<\/p>\n<p>Burning for two days, the fire had struck southern Copenhagen, destroying the remaining quarter of the middle-age\u2019s architecture, nearly 50 streets and several prominent churches and castles. This time, however, the city had managed to prevent the fire from spreading North and, crucial to the rebuild, the people had more money.<\/p>\n<p>Importantly for the economy, this strongly influenced the establishment of Denmark\u2019s first mortgage credit institution, Husejernes Kreditkasse, by a group of Copenhagen\u2019s wealthier citizens, which, as part of BRFkredit, remained active until 2014.<\/p>\n<p>The fire had also inspired other major social changes such as the creation of some of Copenhagen\u2019s first storefronts. Sellers had previously been informally selling out of their homes, and the reconstruction period was an opportunity to make their trade more sophisticated.<\/p>\n<p>Stricter building legislation was also implemented. Again, streets were widened and brick was enforced as the mandatory building material. Buildings at the end of streets were now required to be chamfered, with cut away corners which allowed easier access for fire-fighting vehicles. And it is responsible for modern Copenhagen\u2019s openness and the charming octagonal plazas dotted around the city.<\/p>\n<h3>The Golden Age<\/h3>\n<p>The fire coincided with the Danish Golden Age where neo-classical architecture emerged and thus, 1795 oversaw Copenhagen\u2019s most significant aesthetic transformations. The new style, as seen in some of the city\u2019s most attractive sites, such as Gammeltorv square or the Court House (both rebuilt after the fire), contributed to the atmosphere that modern Copenhagen is unique for.<\/p>\n<p>As art historian Giles Worsley puts it:<\/p>\n<p>\u00bbHere [in Copenhagen] we have the quiet street scene that was captured so beautifully and fittingly by the gentle works of the Golden Age. There is no sign of the self-satisfied boasting that is characteristic of the London or Paris of the time.\u00ab<\/p>\n"},{"acf_fc_layout":"MultiImage","images":[{"image":{"ID":85765,"id":85765,"title":"Gammeltorv Square","filename":"gammeltorvsquare.png","filesize":265932,"url":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/gammeltorvsquare.png","link":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/en\/copenhagen-burnt-down-3-times-in-80-years-it-was-not-all-bad\/gammeltorv-square\/","alt":"","author":"7","description":"","caption":"","name":"gammeltorv-square","status":"inherit","uploaded_to":85759,"date":"2019-05-09 10:50:06","modified":"2019-05-10 09:13:13","menu_order":0,"mime_type":"image\/png","type":"image","subtype":"png","icon":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-includes\/images\/media\/default.png","width":587,"height":454,"sizes":{"thumbnail":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/gammeltorvsquare-150x150.png","thumbnail-width":150,"thumbnail-height":150,"medium":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/gammeltorvsquare-480x371.png","medium-width":480,"medium-height":371,"medium_large":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/gammeltorvsquare.png","medium_large-width":587,"medium_large-height":454,"large":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/gammeltorvsquare.png","large-width":587,"large-height":454,"1536x1536":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/gammeltorvsquare.png","1536x1536-width":587,"1536x1536-height":454,"2048x2048":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/gammeltorvsquare.png","2048x2048-width":587,"2048x2048-height":454,"featured-soft":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/gammeltorvsquare-290x224.png","featured-soft-width":290,"featured-soft-height":224,"featured-hard":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/gammeltorvsquare-290x180.png","featured-hard-width":290,"featured-hard-height":180,"narrow":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/gammeltorvsquare.png","narrow-width":587,"narrow-height":454,"extended":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/gammeltorvsquare.png","extended-width":587,"extended-height":454}},"caption_prefix":"","enable_alternative_caption":true,"alternative_caption":"19th century drawing of Gammeltorv Square featuring chamfered corner on building on right."},{"image":{"ID":85767,"id":85767,"title":"Courthouse","filename":"courthouse.jpg","filesize":50651,"url":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/courthouse.jpg","link":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/en\/copenhagen-burnt-down-3-times-in-80-years-it-was-not-all-bad\/courthouse\/","alt":"","author":"7","description":"","caption":"","name":"courthouse","status":"inherit","uploaded_to":85759,"date":"2019-05-09 10:50:08","modified":"2019-05-10 09:13:13","menu_order":0,"mime_type":"image\/jpeg","type":"image","subtype":"jpeg","icon":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-includes\/images\/media\/default.png","width":500,"height":309,"sizes":{"thumbnail":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/courthouse-150x150.jpg","thumbnail-width":150,"thumbnail-height":150,"medium":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/courthouse-480x297.jpg","medium-width":480,"medium-height":297,"medium_large":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/courthouse.jpg","medium_large-width":500,"medium_large-height":309,"large":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/courthouse.jpg","large-width":500,"large-height":309,"1536x1536":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/courthouse.jpg","1536x1536-width":500,"1536x1536-height":309,"2048x2048":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/courthouse.jpg","2048x2048-width":500,"2048x2048-height":309,"featured-soft":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/courthouse-290x179.jpg","featured-soft-width":290,"featured-soft-height":179,"featured-hard":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/courthouse-290x180.jpg","featured-hard-width":290,"featured-hard-height":180,"narrow":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/courthouse.jpg","narrow-width":500,"narrow-height":309,"extended":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/courthouse.jpg","extended-width":500,"extended-height":309}},"caption_prefix":"","enable_alternative_caption":true,"alternative_caption":"Copenhagen Court House c. 1845 featuring neoclassical design."}]},{"acf_fc_layout":"Content","content":"<h3>University of Copenhagen destroyed twice<\/h3>\n<p>With so much of history lost, there was no option but to modernise, and it is the university that embodies this the best.<\/p>\n<p>Destroyed twice, the University of Copenhagen has a long history of resilience and reinvention. Several of the university\u2019s main buildings had to be rebuilt, first after the fire of 1728 and then again after the 1807 bombardment by the British during the Napoleonic Wars.<\/p>\n<p>This included the former library housed in the Trinitatis Church. Despite having lost vast collections of literature, research and irreplaceable equipment, the university is now home to the largest library in the Nordic region, and one of the largest in the world.<\/p>\n"},{"acf_fc_layout":"Image","image":{"ID":78334,"id":78334,"title":"bibliotek_Mette","filename":"bibliotekmette.jpg","filesize":486630,"url":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/bibliotekmette.jpg","link":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/en\/det-smukke-tomme-bibliotek\/bibliotek_mette\/","alt":"Den ubrugte bibliotekssal p\u00e5 Fiolstr\u00e6de fotograferet i november 2018.","author":"4","description":"Den ubrugte bibliotekssal p\u00e5 Fiolstr\u00e6de fotograferet i november 2018.","caption":"Den ubrugte bibliotekssal p\u00e5 Fiolstr\u00e6de fotograferet i november 2018.","name":"bibliotek_mette","status":"inherit","uploaded_to":78333,"date":"2018-11-26 12:50:45","modified":"2019-10-08 14:03:26","menu_order":0,"mime_type":"image\/jpeg","type":"image","subtype":"jpeg","icon":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-includes\/images\/media\/default.png","width":1800,"height":1248,"sizes":{"thumbnail":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/bibliotekmette-150x150.jpg","thumbnail-width":150,"thumbnail-height":150,"medium":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/bibliotekmette-480x333.jpg","medium-width":480,"medium-height":333,"medium_large":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/bibliotekmette-768x532.jpg","medium_large-width":768,"medium_large-height":532,"large":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/bibliotekmette-1280x887.jpg","large-width":1280,"large-height":887,"1536x1536":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/bibliotekmette.jpg","1536x1536-width":1536,"1536x1536-height":1065,"2048x2048":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/bibliotekmette.jpg","2048x2048-width":1800,"2048x2048-height":1248,"featured-soft":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/bibliotekmette-290x201.jpg","featured-soft-width":290,"featured-soft-height":201,"featured-hard":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/bibliotekmette-290x180.jpg","featured-hard-width":290,"featured-hard-height":180,"narrow":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/bibliotekmette-700x485.jpg","narrow-width":700,"narrow-height":485,"extended":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/bibliotekmette-990x686.jpg","extended-width":990,"extended-height":686}},"style":"screen","text_placement":"metadata-below","image_link_url":"","image_link_title":"","caption_prefix":"","enable_alternative_caption":true,"alternative_caption":"The library in Fiolstr\u00e6de. Plans are currently underway to turn it into a museum."},{"acf_fc_layout":"Content","content":"<h3>Bombed into shape<\/h3>\n<p>The bombardment of 1807 however, had the greatest bearing on the form that the modern University of Copenhagen has now taken. The changes to Frue Plads, where the headquarters of the university is situated, demonstrates this. Rather than rebuilding the cemetery attached to the Church of our lady, the administration took the opportunity to join the surrounding areas and the courtyard was formed.<\/p>\n"},{"acf_fc_layout":"Image","image":{"ID":85883,"id":85883,"title":"Cannonball","filename":"cannonball.jpg","filesize":54587,"url":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/cannonball.jpg","link":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/en\/copenhagen-burnt-down-3-times-in-80-years-it-was-not-all-bad\/cannonball\/","alt":"","author":"7","description":"","caption":"1807 cannonball hanging suspended from the ceiling right outside the door of the Rector's Office in N\u00f8rregade in the old part of The University of Copenhagen. ","name":"cannonball","status":"inherit","uploaded_to":85759,"date":"2019-05-13 11:21:28","modified":"2019-05-24 09:13:12","menu_order":0,"mime_type":"image\/jpeg","type":"image","subtype":"jpeg","icon":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-includes\/images\/media\/default.png","width":1050,"height":1400,"sizes":{"thumbnail":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/cannonball-150x150.jpg","thumbnail-width":150,"thumbnail-height":150,"medium":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/cannonball-480x640.jpg","medium-width":480,"medium-height":640,"medium_large":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/cannonball-768x1024.jpg","medium_large-width":768,"medium_large-height":1024,"large":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/cannonball.jpg","large-width":1050,"large-height":1400,"1536x1536":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/cannonball.jpg","1536x1536-width":1050,"1536x1536-height":1400,"2048x2048":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/cannonball.jpg","2048x2048-width":1050,"2048x2048-height":1400,"featured-soft":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/cannonball-290x387.jpg","featured-soft-width":290,"featured-soft-height":387,"featured-hard":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/cannonball-290x180.jpg","featured-hard-width":290,"featured-hard-height":180,"narrow":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/cannonball-700x933.jpg","narrow-width":700,"narrow-height":933,"extended":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/cannonball-990x1320.jpg","extended-width":990,"extended-height":1320}},"style":"narrow","text_placement":"metadata-left","image_link_url":"","image_link_title":"","caption_prefix":"","enable_alternative_caption":false,"alternative_caption":"Frue Plads. The university's new main building to the right, and the Church of Our Lady to the left."},{"acf_fc_layout":"Content","content":"<p>C.F. Hansen, one of Denmark\u2019s most prolific architects, was assigned the task of redesigning the sector and masterfully employed the same neoclassic style that had been so effective after 1795. His work on The Church of Our Lady, the cathedral which the main building looks out on, is exemplary. The muted interior ceiling, simple classical lines, and Bertel Thorvaldsen sculptures make it different from Europe\u2019s medieval cathedrals and one of Copenhagen\u2019s unique architectural pieces.<\/p>\n<div class=\"factbox\">\n<p class=\"factbox-header feature-color\">Sources<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Pernille Stensgaard: Copenhagen, People and Places (2005)<\/li>\n<li>Christopher Woodward: Copenhagen (1998)<\/li>\n<li>Peter Bosselmann: Urban Transformation: Understanding City Form and Design (2008)<\/li>\n<li>Henrietta Steiner: The Emergence of a Modern City: Golden Age Copenhagen 1800\u20131850 (2016)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>And the University of Copenhagen website.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>The university\u2019s impressive main building, had not begun to be rebuilt until 1829 due to financial issues. Slightly rebelling against the classical trend of the time, designed by architect Peder Malling and inaugurated in 1839, the building took on the more imposing gothic style we know today. The reconstruction period seemed to create a catalyst for the university as it followed soon after with several other modernising additions including a new library in 1861 and a zoological museum in 1871.<\/p>\n"},{"acf_fc_layout":"Image","image":{"ID":43900,"id":43900,"title":"1200px-Frue_Plads","filename":"1200pxfrue_plads.jpg","filesize":146866,"url":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/1200pxfrue_plads.jpg","link":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/en\/farewell-koebmagergade-welcome-soendre-campus\/1200px-frue_plads\/","alt":"","author":"7","description":"","caption":"Frue Plads.","name":"1200px-frue_plads","status":"inherit","uploaded_to":43893,"date":"2017-02-08 09:09:45","modified":"2019-05-10 09:14:48","menu_order":0,"mime_type":"image\/jpeg","type":"image","subtype":"jpeg","icon":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-includes\/images\/media\/default.png","width":1200,"height":900,"sizes":{"thumbnail":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/1200pxfrue_plads-150x150.jpg","thumbnail-width":150,"thumbnail-height":150,"medium":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/1200pxfrue_plads-480x360.jpg","medium-width":480,"medium-height":360,"medium_large":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/1200pxfrue_plads-768x576.jpg","medium_large-width":768,"medium_large-height":576,"large":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/1200pxfrue_plads.jpg","large-width":1200,"large-height":900,"1536x1536":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/1200pxfrue_plads.jpg","1536x1536-width":1200,"1536x1536-height":900,"2048x2048":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/1200pxfrue_plads.jpg","2048x2048-width":1200,"2048x2048-height":900,"featured-soft":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/1200pxfrue_plads-290x218.jpg","featured-soft-width":290,"featured-soft-height":218,"featured-hard":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/1200pxfrue_plads-290x180.jpg","featured-hard-width":290,"featured-hard-height":180,"narrow":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/1200pxfrue_plads-700x525.jpg","narrow-width":700,"narrow-height":525,"extended":"https:\/\/uniavisen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/1200pxfrue_plads-990x743.jpg","extended-width":990,"extended-height":743}},"style":"extended","text_placement":"metadata-below","image_link_url":"","image_link_title":"","caption_prefix":"","enable_alternative_caption":true,"alternative_caption":"Frue Plads. The university's new main building to the right, and the Church of Our Lady to the left."},{"acf_fc_layout":"Content","content":"<p>Naturally, the institutions also saw development. The new growth required funding, and significant financial management reforms were implemented.<\/p>\n<p>Specifically, finances were centralised and with responsibility no longer in the hands of departmental professors, combined with a modernisation of the payroll, the university could now increase its professorship. This history seems to have created a legacy as the university continually challenges itself to reinvent and improve; the most recent construction work at South Campus is emblematic of this.<\/p>\n<h3>What to preserve and at what cost?<\/h3>\n<p>Ultimately, although painful at first, fire is often part of the lifecycle of a city. In the context of misfortunes like Notre Dame, this concept can be reconciling but it also poses some important societal questions.<\/p>\n<p>What purpose does art, architecture or history play in our lives? At what point do we decide something is worth preserving and at what cost?<\/p>\n"},{"acf_fc_layout":"ArticleEnd"},{"acf_fc_layout":"Newsletter","lang_select":"da","identifier":"Newsletter","headline":"Receive a weekly newsletter in your inbox","button_text":"Tilmeld nu","class":""},{"acf_fc_layout":"OtherStories","headline":"","hand_picked_posts":true,"references":[{"reference":{"ID":77237,"post_author":"4","post_date":"2018-11-07 07:41:37","post_date_gmt":"2018-11-07 06:41:37","post_content":"The year is 1728, the date is the 20th October. In the evening a house bursts into flames. Nobody knows what started it. Maybe a child dropped a candle up in the loft. Perhaps the parents just said this to shift the blame.\r\n\r\nThe house was approximately where the Str\u00f8get pedestrian street exits on to the town hall square R\u00e5dhuspladsen. About where the Politikens Hus is today. And because of a strong southwesterly autumn wind the flames and the sparks easily spread in what turned out to be the largest fire in the history of Copenhagen. A fire which was also significant for the University of Copenhagen.\r\n\r\nIn the medieval streets of Copenhagen panic slowly began to spread. It was dark, but the flames lighted everything up. The flames were blown towards the Larsbj\u00f8rnsstr\u00e6de, Studiestr\u00e6de and Sankt Peders Str\u00e6de streets. The city's residents left their homes, and many of them took their stuff with them to the churches. The churches couldn\u2019t burn \u2013 they thought.\r\n<h2>Disaster at the Church of Our Lady<\/h2>\r\nThe authorities have no control over the situation. Also the panic spreads here too. The firefighters had a fire drill earlier in the day. After practicing putting out the fires, they decided to slake their thirst. Many of the firefighters were drunk. The fire wagons could not traverse through, or turn, in the city's narrow streets. The fire spreads throughout the night, with the sparks being carried by the wind and starting new fires elsewhere in the city. From exhaustion, early in the morning, the chief of police opts to do the same as the firefighters had done. He gets drunk.\r\n\r\nIn the morning, the fire reached one of the critical points: The Church of Our Lady Vor Frue Kirke. Hoping to stop the fire, the authorities set off an operation which, in hindsight, might seem unfortunate: The demolition of a number of buildings. Some believe that the sparks from the blast land on the Church of Our Lady, which is ignited. The people's belongings are incinerated with the church. The spire falls to the ground. The church collapses.\n<!-- end of module 1 -->\nIn Salmonsen\u2019s Encyclopedia, 2nd version, the circumstances of the fire are described like this:\r\n\r\n\"There was a storm blowing from the southwest. There was a lack of water due to the laying of new main gutters. And the firefighters, after testing the hoses on the same day, were intoxicated. The superior firefighting officers were inebriated, and the chief of police in the morning so overwhelmed by the events that he went home and got himself drunk.\u201d\r\n\r\nThe right wind conditions and the mismanagement of the authorities had the fire developing into the largest in the history of Copenhagen.\r\n<h2>The flames reach the University of Copenhagen<\/h2>\r\nIt is the flames from the Church of our Lady that then take a hold of the University of Copenhagen. In 1728, all the university premises are around the square on Frue Plads. The entire University of Copenhagen burns down. Some exterior walls survive (and can still be seen standing today), but all the interiors are burnt to a cinder. And a university is not only its buildings, but in particular everything that is inside. The only building that escaped the flames, was the Consistorium konsistoriehuset that still exists today \u2013 perhaps the oldest building in Copenhagen.\r\n\r\nIn the street Store Kannikestr\u00e6de, right next to the Church of Our Lady and the rest of the university buildings, almost all the university's professors lived. And all their homes disappeared in one row. So did their notes, records and manuscripts \u2013 not to mention their private collections.\n<!-- end of module 2 -->\nThe flames moved steadily onwards towards the next church: The Trinitatis Church at the Round Tower was in flames by the afternoon of 21st October. The ceiling of the Trinitatis Church was the location of the University Library. About 35,000 volumes. Everything from handwritten manuscripts, research papers, journals, Icelandic sagas \u2013 and a lot we don\u2019t know anything about. After the church has been on fire for several hours the ceiling breaks down. 35,000 books disappear in the inferno. And with them a systematic collection of historical knowledge.\r\n\r\nWhen the University Post meets up with Morten Fink-Jensen, who is an associate professor in history at the University of Copenhagen, it is under different conditions, on South Campus. University professors no longer live in a long row at the university, the buildings on Njalsgade street are fireproof, fire fighters don\u2019t get drunk after exercises, neither does the chief of police. And we now know that churches can burn too.\r\n\r\nBut back then, in 1728, they knew something we don't know now \u2013 and will never know.\r\n<h2>What we do not know<\/h2>\r\nAfter Morten Fink-Jensen has reviewed the story of the fire in 1728, he starts to talk about what was lost. And for a researcher this is a slightly painful conversation. Among the 35,000 volumes consumed in the fire, there were thousands of historical sources we will never see again. \"We don't even know what it is, we don't know,\u201d as Morten Fink-Jensen puts it.\r\n\r\n<em>What was in the university library in 1728?<\/em>\r\n\r\n\"There has been everything from some of the first printed versions of Aristotle's works, to Danish-produced literature. They had an incredibly valuable collection of scientific literature, and these books date back to the end of the 15th century. Some of the oldest printed books. And by all accounts there have been quite a few unique items which were only printed in one copy. Copies that no longer exist.\"\r\n\r\nIt is here that it really starts to get painful. Thousands of books that no longer exist. Copies of what we do not even know we don't know. Morten Fink-Jensen continues:\r\n\r\n\"There were large collections of handwritten manuscripts. This is what we traditionally, in the research, have agreed upon as being the biggest disaster. Even though it was terrible that many books burned, then there was not in this way a loss of knowledge. Aristotle's works were also in other libraries. But it is the handwritten manuscripts, which have included things that are not found anywhere else.\u201d\r\n\r\n<em>So what has been the significance of the fire for historical writing today?<\/em>\r\n\r\n\"In terms of the Middle Ages, and for the 15th-16th century, an incredible number of sources have disappeared. This means that there are some large gaps in our knowledge. With the books we have lost an important part of history. It's not only what is written on the pages, but also the books and the manuscripts as objects have been lost.\"\n<!-- end of module 3 -->\nOn the other hand, there was, in the Consistorium building, an archive of the actual University of Copenhagen. The Consistorium Building not burning is the reason why we now know so much about the University of Copenhagen's history.\r\n\r\n\"But there are many other things about the city of Copenhagen, which we do not know anything about, as the archive in the Town Hall burned down. And this is actually completely insane: The day before the fire broke out, they had transferred the archive of the Diocese of Roskilde to the university library. The day before. This means that when you as a historian today work on Danish history before 1728, you are in many ways extremely poorly informed about Copenhagen\u2019s and the island of Zealand's history.\"\r\n\r\nBut it doesn\u2019t stop here. When the fire takes hold of the observatory on the top of the Round Tower (which didn't burn down), an object disappears that Morten Fink-Jensen may have wanted to save from the fire the most: Tycho Brahe's celestial globe, which was built in 1570. The globe in Brahe's celestial globe was made of wood, clad in brass, had a diameter of 150 centimetres and had more than 1,000 fixed stars marked on it. It was the first celestial globe in history. \"I guess it could almost roll down the spiral equestrian staircase in the Round Tower,\" continues Morten Fink-Jensen.\r\n\r\nThe question of what he would most prefer to have rescued from the fire gets a prompt reply:\r\n\r\n\"Some of the handwritten manuscripts related to Danish history. I am simply curious to know what it is that we do not know today.\"\r\n<h2>The University of Copenhagen in Viborg?<\/h2>\r\nIt is inevitable that such a large loss of knowledge leaves its mark. With 35,000 volumes in the university library, and as many in the professors' residences, it was almost all the books in all of Copenhagen that disappeared in two days in 1728. And this put the University of Copenhagen in a bit of a spot, says Morten Fink-Jensen:\r\n\r\n\"This put the university back many years \u2013 the books were gone! The university found it hard to function for many years after the fire. All of its buildings except the Consistorium building were burnt down. They actually also discussed plans to move it completely out of town and rebuild it. In fact, in Viborg in Jutland.\r\n\r\n<em>In Viborg?<\/em>\r\n\r\n\u201cYes. But it came to nothing.\u201d\n<!-- end of module 4 -->\nThat they seriously considered moving the University of Copenhagen to Viborg, says something about what the fire meant to the university and the city in which it still is today. The fire did not move the university to Viborg, but Copenhagen was forced to renew itself:\r\n\r\n\"Copenhagen was in many ways modernised after the fire. Just because there was so much that disappeared of what was ancient and medieval. That large parts of the inner city have the feel of the 1700s is a consequence of the fire.\"\r\n\r\nThere was not much that escaped the flames. Morten Fink-Jensen tallies the damage:\r\n\r\n\"More than a third of the town was burnt down. About 1500 properties. The large churches, the town hall and the university were all burnt down. The main part of the medieval town was consumed in the flames. Almost all the books in Copenhagen were incinerated. But some things were saved. Many of the Icelandic handwritten manuscripts, which are today to be seen at the Arnamagnaean Institute, were saved because \u00c1rni Magn\u00fasson, who was professor and lived in Store Kannikestr\u00e6de, managed to get the manuscripts out in time.\"\r\n\r\nThe manuscripts can still be seen today. Posterity can thank \u00c1rni Magn\u00fasson for saving this invaluable knowledge. But in many other ways, we are now left with not knowing what it is that we do not know.\n<!-- end of module 5 -->\n","post_title":"University of Copenhagen history: The fire of 1728","post_excerpt":"290 years ago, all of the University of Copenhagen buildings burnt down, including the university library with all its books. 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